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Under the guidance of national education policy, the demand for study tourism has increased significantly, and it is worth paying attention to how parents, as the actual purchasing decision-makers of study tourism products, reflect their needs and attitudes. Taking nature education study tourism as the specific research context, questionnaires were distributed to parents of primary and secondary school students to investigate the causal relationship between study tourism motivation and value perception from the perspective of parents' perception and incorporated cost perception and risk perception into the research to analyze the internal mechanism and boundary conditions between study tourism motivation and value perception. A statistical analysis of data from 539 parents revealed that parents' perception of study tourism motivation significantly and positively affects value perception. Cost perception has a mediator role between study tourism motivation and value perception, and parents' perception of study tourism motivation has a positive impact on value perception through the path of weakening cost perception. Moreover, risk perception negatively affects value perception, but a positive effect was observed when exploring risk perception's interaction with study tourism motivation and cost perception, respectively. Risk perception significantly enhances the positive effect of study tourism motivation on value perception, while suppressing the negative effect of cost perception on risk perception. Specifically, compared to low-risk perceptions, parents with high-risk perceptions perceive a more significant positive effect of study tourism motivation on value perception and a lower negative effect of cost perception on value perception; that is, risk perception plays a moderating role in the relationship between tourism motivation and value perception and in the path of the relationship between cost perception and value perception. However, when risk perception reaches a high level, its moderating effect on the relationship between cost perception and value perception is not significant; that is, parents pay more attention to risk and safety issues than to cost issues. The main theoretical contribution of this study is that it forms a theoretical complement to the investigation of the relationship between motivation and value, thus revealing the importance of the value of education for the average non-only-child family in China and cost as an important consideration for such families in their educational investment. It verifies the positive role of risk perception in the context of study tourism, which promotes further understanding of risk in the academic community and enriches the theoretical research on study tourism. In addition, this study provides a valuable empirical basis and practical enlightenment for the development of study tourism. It is necessary to design study tourism products based on demand, highlight product value, increase publicity and marketing efforts, control the safety of activities, set reasonable prices, and gain the attention of parent groups, all of which will be important considerations in further expanding the study tourism market.

Urban tourism network structure is an important part of regional development research in China. However, previous studies have paid more attention to the urban tourism network structure characterized by physical indicators driven by government forces, ignoring the importance of virtual space network in the information age. Under the background of high-quality tourism development, urban agglomeration tourism should change from "hard connectivity" to "soft connectivity". The soft index represented by information relationship redefines the new urban tourism network and can better reveal the characteristics of regional tourism integration under different market dimensions from the perspective of "dual cycle". As the data acquisition of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is faced with many obstacles, the active tourism information relationship data in the Internet has brought new ideas to study the urban tourism network structure of the region. This paper constructs the data collection method of "city+city+tourism" based on the keyword co-occurrence in bibliometrics, the co-reference linkage in global urban network research, and the data collection method of "city+tourism" in online tourism research. Baidu Chinese search engine and Google English search engine are used to obtain the co-occurrence frequency of urban tourism information in the GBA. And the social network analysis method is used to explore the similarities and differences of urban tourism information connection strength and network structure characteristics from the domestic and international tourism market dimensions. The results show that the intensity and mean value of urban tourism information connection in the GBA increase gradually. The accumulation and diffusion of tourism information in the network, the information interaction and network relevance have been significantly improved. The trend of regional tourism integration is obvious, and the information connection pattern of domestic tourism market is more stable. The cities in the GBA have different network advantages in domestic and international tourism markets, and there are differences in tourism function division and market influence. It has formed a tourism market pattern in which the second tier cities with Dongguan, Foshan, Zhongshan and Zhuhai as the center lead the internal linkage, and the first tier cities such as Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Shenzhen and Macao lead the opening to the outside world. The core cities in the GBA have different modes of leading the development of small groups in domestic and international tourism markets. The tourism cooperation mode driven by the agglomeration of second tier cities such as Foshan, Zhongshan, Dongguan, Zhuhai and Huizhou dominates the domestic tourism market, and the first tier cities represented by Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Macao cooperate with other cities to form a tourism linkage mode that dominates the international tourism market. In short, this paper uses the tourism information relationship data to break through the constraints of geographical distance, policy and economic development level, and reflects the hyperspace-time characteristics of urban tourism information network. In the field of tourism, it reveals the network structure of urban agglomeration reflected in the massive web content at home and abroad, which is a tourism functional organization system with clear division of labor and strong points. As a low-threshold information channel, the Internet gives the second tier cities in the domestic tourism market the opportunity to "flip", and the state of "the strong is always strong" in the first tier cities in the international tourism market will continue to exist, which makes this paper reveal the differences in the Matthew effect of tourism destinations in different market dimensions from the perspective of virtual space.

Noble metal‐based nanomaterials have attracted tremendous attention in biomedical applications due to their unique electrical, optical, and chemical properties, playing crucial roles in the ultrasensitive detection of biomarkers, bioimaging, cancer therapy, etc. Especially, porous noble metal‐based nanomaterials show superior performance due to the large specific area and multiple active sites. Platforms constructed from porous noble metal‐based nanomaterials are emerging as highly promising tools for various biomedical applications. Herein, the properties and synthesis strategies of porous noble metal‐based nanomaterials are briefly introduced. Then the recent progress of porous noble metal‐based nanomaterials in the biomedical field is highlighted, focusing primarily on their applications in optics, electrochemistry, and mass spectrometry. Finally, the challenges related to fabrication and biocompatibility for their applications while also providing an outlook on their widespread use in clinical situations are discussed. This review aims to provide further insights into the design of porous noble metal‐based nanomaterials and expand their applications in the biomedical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]